Essay on Economies of North and South During American...

The economies of the North and South were vastly different leading up to the Civil War. Money was equivalent to power in both regions. For the North, the economy was based on industry as they were more modern and self-aware. They realized that industrialization was progress and it could help rid the country of slave labor as it was wrong. The North’s population had a class system but citizens could move within the system, provided they made the money that would allow them to move up in class. The class system was not as rigid as it was in the South. By comparison, the South wanted to hold on to its economic policy. In doing so, the practice of slavery kept the social order firmly in place. The economic factors, social issues and a growing†¦show more content†¦Cities grew and flourished and soon it was apparent that money was needed to support the exploding population. The North supported tariffs, unlike the South. Tariffs are taxes that are placed on imported goods by the government. The North supported any tariffs on imported goods for a few reasons insomuch they did not feel threatened. Industry was running rampant, so finished goods did not have to be brought over from England. There was no more need to import from England. If imports were brought in, they were more of a luxury than a necessity. All necessities were made on Northern soil by their own factories. Another reason that the North favored taxes was because they hoped that with higher import taxes, the South would then purchase goods from Northern factories instead of England. For instance, if the price of a finely woven, imported shirt plus the tariff caused the price to jump too high, Southerners would be forced to buy the shirt from a Northern factory. Railroads were being established mainly between all the major cities of the North. The network of these railroads meant that goods were able to travel faster. This considerably shortened the time from raw goods to finished products . The North’s transition to industry proved to be soundly lucrative. It evolved, expanded and laid a firm foundation for the future. In short, the South was a polar opposite of the North. They were engrained with a greedy, stubborn and selfishShow MoreRelatedSantosh N. Williams. Dr. Washington. 28 March 2017. . The784 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War The American Civil War was a war against the North and the South during the 1860’s. The Southern removed themselves from the Union. The U.S didn’t allow states to be removed from the Union. The North also wanted to get rid of Slavery but the South wanted African American slaves to help them and work for them. The War started when the army in the South attacked a military base in South Carolina. The American Civil War was the first war that killed thousands of Americans in historyRead MoreWhat Caused The American Civil War1634 Words   |  7 PagesWhat caused the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865? 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Population in the South was small because it wasRead MoreDuring The Civil War, Our Country Was Split Into Two Parts,977 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Civil War, our country was split into two parts, the North and South, each having their separate strengths and weaknesses. The economy, military strategies, and attitudes were all factors that played in the result of the American Civil War. The country was torn between the views of the Union and the Confederacy, each fighting for what they believed to be right. It is considered a very important historical event that will always be marke d in the nation’s history. The economy during theRead MoreA Brief Note On The American Civil War1521 Words   |  7 Pages101 19 April 2017 Civil War The American Civil War, that took place from 1861 to 1865, marked one of the most important changes in American history, it was fought between the Union and the Confederate States of America. A total of even southern states that left the Union to form their own country in order to protect the institution of slavery. The Civil War transformed the country’s economy, politics, women, African Americans, along with major breakthroughs in technology. The war increased northernRead MoreCivil War1284 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿American Civil War Milan Patel The journal paper discusses the problems faced by Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis that contributed to civil war in their respective states. It analyses the contribution of each person in the American civil war. The achievements of both commanders will also be discussed together with their weaknesses. Introduction A civil war involves the conflict between different groups in the same state. The main objectives of the civil war are the intention of one group toRead MoreSlavery Was The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 Pagescotton affected America’s economy greatly. Secondly, slaves didn’t get paid any recurring fees like most citizens would have. Thirdly, the south was so deeply rooted in agriculture that it limited industrial growth which may have made more profit. Fourth, America’s economy was significantly influenced by the American Civil War, which was instigated because of slavery. Next, one of the most known events caused by slavery that affected America socially was the American Civil War. After that, another thingRead MoreCause Of The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American Civil War. Many have stated that slavery was the primary cause for the Civil War. Some historians have argued that there were other causes of the Civil War. The one th ing that all historians agreed upon was the division between the North (known as the Union) and the South (known as the Confederacy) that escalated on the soil of the United States of America (In Stampp, 1965). The battle between the two states is what created the â€Å"American Civil War.† The American Civil War startedRead MoreThe Civil War Of North And South Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent views and ways of life between the North and the South. These differences can be observed on the economic aspect. The North was industrialized enabling them to have functioning economy without the use of many labors; however, in the south, people relied on agriculture, and thus they needed a large number of slaved labors to help them work on the plantations. Such difference led to the main distinction which existed throughout the entire Civil War, the dependence on the slavery. These differencesRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War991 Words   |  4 PagesThe American C ivil War is known to most as the bloodiest war anyone has ever witnessed. It claimed the life of thousands of Americans and animosity that was built up over several years prior to it can be to blame. Most people think that slavery was the cause of this battle, and although slavery did play a part, it was not the main cause. The biggest roles played in the American Civil War were states’ rights, unfair bills, feelings of inferiority and threats to economy. The tension started during

Do You Suffer From Nomophobia Or Cell Phone Vibration...

Do you suffer from nomophobia or cell phone vibration syndrome? In other words do you fear being without your phone or missing a text? If so you are not alone. â€Å"46% of smartphone owners say their smartphone is something they couldn’t live without† (Anderson). Americans say that they are dependent on their phones because it is their access point to the Internet. This number keeps increasing because of technological advancements. According to Jacob Davidson in the article â€Å"Here’s How Many Internet Users There Are†, it states that there are around 3 billion people accessing the Internet (Davidson). The Internet is something that everyone feels they need in their everyday life. It is our main source of information. If there is a question asked, most people will say â€Å"google it† to find out the answer. The Internet is a good thing that can provide instant answers, but when it’s use is combined with social apps and texting, c ell phone addiction can occur. The Washington Post states that â€Å"Teens are spending more than one-third of their days using media such as online video or music — nearly nine hours on average†(Tsukayama). Many teens spend their time on social apps such as Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. These are the some of the most frequently used apps that can be found on nearly all teenager’s cellular devices. A majority of teens use these apps combined with texting and the occasional phone call to communicate. â€Å"71% of teens use more than one social network

Public Awareness of Diabetes Free Essays

string(264) " with natural enzymes and the body’s own insulin to control blood glucose, Symlin is a synthetic hormone that helps lower blood glucose after meals, and Byetta is an injectable drug that assaults high blood sugar and diminishes one’s appetite \(Davis, 2010\)\." Public Awareness of Diabetes Lynn A. Bailey HCA/240 August 21, 2011 Dr. Monica Reed, PhD, MPH Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of people every year, and in most cases, this is a disease that is preventable. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Awareness of Diabetes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Increasing public awareness regarding risk factors and how this debilitating disease can be controlled and prevented may reduce the number of cases diagnosed each year. Throughout the years, scientists have developed a variety of treatment options and medications that are available for individuals diagnosed with diabetes. Future treatments for diabetes may include an artificial pancreas and stem cell therapy (Yoffee, 2009). Along with community support through awareness programs and advances in technology and treatment options, this disease is controllable and in some cases, may even be prevented. Diabetes and who it Affects Most Diabetes mellitus (DM), more commonly known as diabetes, is the result of insufficient insulin production or the body’s inability to respond to insulin (Forth Jude, 2011). Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses blood glucose, or blood sugar. Blood glucose is vital to health because it is an essential source of energy for cells of the muscles and other tissues as well as the brain’s fuel (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Individuals that suffer from diabetes have difficulty regulating and maintaining healthy blood glucose levels. If an individual is diagnosed with diabetes, no matter type, he or she has too much glucose. Some genetic factors do play a role in an individual’s risk for developing diabetes along with other factors such as race, but lifestyle is to blame for most diagnosed cases of diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011). Anyone who is 45 years or older should consider testing for diabetes, especially if he or she is overweight or has a family history of this disease. Race may also play a role in the development of this disease. Individuals who are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino should also consider prescreening (CDC, 2011). Another group of people that are more susceptible to DM2 are lower income groups, especially women (Lega, Ross, Zhong, Dasgupta, 2011). Diabetes affects the whole body including the most important hormonal system, the endocrine system. The Body System Affected by Diabetes and its Causes The endocrine system is a group of organs or glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which can affect the entire body. Glands of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes, and the ovaries. The glands of the endocrine system release hormones into the bloodstream. The pancreas is the organ of the endocrine system, and when it is not functioning properly, the result is diabetes. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas malfunctions. One of the pancreas’s functions is to control the glucose level in the blood (Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, Raymond, 2006). The pancreas secretes two hormones known as glucagon and insulin, which raise and lower glucose levels in the blood (Mulvihill et al. 2006). When insulin is secreted, blood glucose levels rise, and when glucagon is released, blood glucose levels decrease. If an individual is diagnosed with diabetes, his or her pancreas is not secreting enough insulin or target cells are not responding to the insulin that is being secreted (Mulvihill et al. , 2006). This malfunction of the pancreas results in either Type One (DM1) or Type Two (DM2) diabetes. DM1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin, and DM2 diabetes occurs when the pancreatic islets fail to secrete enough insulin or when target cells ignore the insulin (American Diabetes Association, 2011). The most common cause of diabetes is obesity, but other risk factors are involved as well. Risk Factors Some common risk factors for DM1 include genetics from both parents, environmental factors such as cold climates, viruses, race, and early dietary factors such as low vitamin D or exposure to cow’s milk (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Risk factors for DM2 consist of obesity, high or low birth weight, rapid weight gain in childhood, sedentary lifestyle, fetal exposure to gestational diabetes, family history, and race (Schub Caple, 2010). Some of these risk factors may be controlled, whereas others cannot e controlled. Risk factors that are controllable include dietary needs and lifestyle choices. Obesity is the number one cause of DM2 among children and adolescents, and is commonly describes as body mass index, or BMI, which is a measurement of body fat that is based on height and weight (Schub Caple, 2010). Obesity is a risk factor that is modifiable and may decrease an individualâ⠂¬â„¢s risk for developing DM2, and it may either prevent or reduce the onset. Obesity is a risk factor of DM1 as well. Although it may not prevent DM1, healthy lifestyle choices may help manage this type of diabetes as well. Other factors that cannot be controlled include genetics, fetal exposure to gestational diabetes, low birth rate, some environmental factors, and race. In today’s world, advances in medicine and technology have increased the availability of treatment options for patients diagnosed with diabetes compared to the past. Evolution of Treatment Options Over past several years, the list of medications used to treat diabetes has increased creating more options for patients and healthcare providers (Davis, 2011). In the past, insulin was the only treatment available for diabetes, and medications were limited. Metformin is an oral drug that has been used for many years as a treatment for DM2, but it is not always effective because of side effects such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea (Davis, 2011). With new advances in technology, this drug is now available in an extended-release formula, which reduces its side effects and makes is much more tolerable for many patients, and it is also available in a generic version, which is much less expensive for numerous individuals suffering from DM2 (Davis, 2011). Advances in treatment options have also led to the availability of drugs such as Byetta, Januvia, Onglyza, Tradjenta, and Symlin (CDC, 2011). Januvia, Onglyza, and Tradjenta are drugs that work with natural enzymes and the body’s own insulin to control blood glucose, Symlin is a synthetic hormone that helps lower blood glucose after meals, and Byetta is an injectable drug that assaults high blood sugar and diminishes one’s appetite (Davis, 2010). You read "Public Awareness of Diabetes" in category "Papers" Diagnosis and treatments depend on which type of diabetes and individual may have. A healthcare professional will conduct different types of medical tests and procedures to determine the proper diagnosis. Current Treatment Methods When a patient suspects that he or she may have diabetes, the first thing they should do is see their doctor. The physician can perform tests and procedures that will determine whether or not he or she has diabetes, and if so, which type they have. These tests may include a fasting blood glucose level test, random (non-fasting) blood glucose level test, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1c test, or a ketone test, which is used to diagnose DM1 (Right Health, 2010). A fasting blood glucose level test is a test that indicates a patient’s blood glucose level after a period of eight hours of fasting. At the doctor’s office, a medical professional will take a sample of blood from the vein in the inner bend of the elbow. The fasting blood glucose level should be below 99mg/dl, which is considered normal. Results that indicate levels of 100 to 125 are indications of pre-diabetes and 126 or higher indicate diabetes (CDC, 2011). Another test is random blood glucose level. Random blood glucose level test is a blood glucose test conducted on a patient that has not been fasting. Normal levels in and average adult are 70 to 130 mg/dl (CDC, 2011). If an individual’s test results reflect a level of 130 to 200, this may be an indication of pre-diabetes, and a patient with a level above 200 is considered a diabetic (CDC, 2011). A glucose tolerance test may also be used to diagnose diabetes. A glucose tolerance test is in which the patient, who has been fasting for about 10 hours, drinks a solution of glucose. After the patient drinks the solution, his or her blood and urine is sample are taken and analyzed over a period of three hours (Mulvihill, et al. , 2006). The urine test shows the presence or absence of glucose in the urine, or ketones (Mulvihill, et al. 2006). The A1c test is a test used for diabetics as well. An A1c is a test which indicates blood sugar levels over a period of three months (Medicine Net, 2011). This is a test that benefits the patient and the physician by giving an indication of how well a medication may be working. Normal range is 4-5. 9%, a level of 8% or more is an indication of poorly controlle d diabetes (Medicine Net, 2009). With advancing technology and medicine, the future holds more treatment options. Future Treatment Options Advancement in technology is making new treatment options available for many diabetic patients. Research has indicated new treatments such as an artificial pancreas and pancreatic cell transplantation (Yoffee, 2009). Medtronic, a medical device company, is combining glucose monitoring systems with insulin pumps to recreate the delivery system of insulin in the body (Yoffee, 2009). Scientists are also working on transferring pancreatic cells from pigs into humans (Yoffee, 2009). Even though advances in technology are allowing scientists and other professionals to invent new and exciting treatments for diabetes, prevention is the best defense against this disease. Evaluation of an Existing Educational Program One educational program that has made great strides to combat the growing threat of diabetes among children and adolescents is the Adolescent Health and Youth Development (AHYD) Unit of the Georgia Division of Public Health. They have helped fund 30 Teen Center Programs in 28 counties in the state of Georgia (Georgia Division of Public Health, 2011). One of these programs is the Diabetes Prevention and Control Program (DPCP), which was established to reduce the burden of diabetes on the communities of Georgia. This program provides communication to increase awareness, improve quality of care, increase screening, and reduce costs (Georgia Division of Public Health, 2011). This program has made some impact on communities, but there is still a lot of work that needs to be done. The DPCP was recognized by the CDC for achievement in A1c screening and improving the well-being of people affected by diabetes. Scholarships have been awarded to 374 medical professionals that help them pay for the Certified Diabetes Educators (CDE) exam. These are great accomplishments, but it is not enough. More needs to be done to reach out to the communities that are hardest hit by this disease. In addition to the A1c screening, a lifestyle initiative should be added. Adding a lifestyle initiative that would include local restaurants and other businesses to come out into their communities and get involved. Six annual picnics that included A1c screening, lunch, activities, and educational materials would be beneficial for many communities throughout Georgia. Local businesses could ban together and donated good to raffle off, which would draw families and community members to the event. The event could be held at a different area parks around the state. The hardest hit areas would be the first on the list. People need to be educated about the risks, causes, and prevention of diabetes, and our communities must come together in order to combat the onset of diabetes in our children and adolescents. An Effective way of Spreading the News No program will be successful without the proper advertising or spokesperson. In today’s world children and adolescents are drawn to Sponge Bob. If he were the spokesperson for healthy eating and exercise, children would react with enthusiasm and excitement. His picture on fliers that promote a healthy lifestyle could be mailed to surrounding area residents alerting them of the upcoming events. Children could come to the event and get their picture taken with Sponge Bob. Sponge Bob could lead a relay race for children and adolescents. An ad in the local newspaper would benefit the event as well. A website could be created for this event with links to Facebook and Twitter. With the help of Sponge Bob and the community, education on the benefits of a healthy lifestyle would reach a greater number of people, and help promote the prevention of diabetes. Conclusion Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of people. In some cases, this disease can be prevented by teaching and promoting healthy lifestyle choices. Over the years, many treatment options have changed, and with increasing advances in technology and medicine, there will be more changes in the future. The key to the prevention and treatment of many cases of diabetes is to provide sufficient public awareness. References American Diabetes Association. (2011). Type I. Retrieved from http://www. diabetes. org/diabetes-basics/type-1/. American Diabetes Association. (2011). Type 2. Retrieved from http://www. diabetes. org/diabetes-basics/type-2/. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). National diabetes fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/diabetes/. Davis, J. L. (2011). New Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Options. Retrieved from http://www. webMD. com/diabetes/. Forth, R. , Jude, E. (2011). Diabetes: complications, prevention and treatment. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 17(1), 30-35. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Georgia Division of Public Health. (2011). Adolescent Health and Youth Development (AHYD). Retrieved from http://health. state. a. us/programs/adolescent/. Lega, I. , Ross, N. , Zhong, L. , Dasgupta, K. (2011). Gestational Diabetes Histoy May Signal Deprivation in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Women’t Health (15409996), 20(4), 625-629. doi:10. 1089/jwh. 2010. 2273. Mayo Clinic. (2011). Diabetes. Retrieved from http://www. mayclinic. com/health/diabetes/DS01121/. Medicine Net. (2011). Hemoglobin A1c Test. Retr ieved from http://www. medicinenet. com/hemoglobin-a1c-test/articl. htm. Mulvihill, M. L. , Zelman, M. , Holdaway, P. , Tompary, E. , Raymond, J. (2006). Human Diseases: A systemic approach. (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Right Health. (2010). Diabetes. Retrieved from http://www. righthealth. com/diabetes/. Schub, T. , Caple, C. (2010). Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: Prevention in Children and Adolescents. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Yoffee, L. (2009). The Future of Diabetes Treatment. Retrieved from http://www. EverydayHealth. com/. Zhang, X. , Luo, H. , Gregg, E. , Mukhtar, Q. , Rivera, M. , Barker, L. , Albright, A. (2010). Obesity prevention and diabetes screening at local health departments. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1434-1441. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. How to cite Public Awareness of Diabetes, Papers

Metabical Case Study free essay sample

There are only several other weight-loss options in the market competing with Metabical. The first is prescription drugs. These are prescribed for use only by obese and severely obese individuals. This meant that only individuals with BMI of over 30 who were prescribed weight-loss drugs were using appetite suppressants and fat-absorbing blockers. They had serious side effects associated as well, which meant only a doctor could approve them. But these prescription-drug options did not account for the overweight segment with BMIs between 25 and 30 who were looking for weight-loss solutions as well. The second option was the over-the-counter weight-loss drugs. However, the only real over-the-counter weight-loss solution approved by the FDA was Alli. The problem with Alli, though, was that it had many negative side effects, with over 30 reports of liver damage. Other over-the-counter solutions were considered herbal or dietary supplements by the FDA so they were no regulated. The issue with these supplements was that they negative side affects were not discovered until after the product was widely in use. We will write a custom essay sample on Metabical Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last weight-loss option was using a diet plan, exercise plan, mealy replacement products, weight management support programs, or pre-portioned packaged food delivery services. Metabical, on the other hard, would be the first prescription drug approved specifically for overweight individuals. The current weight-loss options did not capitalize on such market so Metabical had a good opportunity to excel in. These were individuals who had hopes of losing about 10 to 30 pounds but did not need to prescribe to obese weight-loss solutions or commit to a diet/exercise plan. 2. What are the pros and cons of forecasting methods presented by Printup? Barbara Printup used three different approaches to forecast demand of sales for Metabical. The first approach was to look at the number of overweight individuals and then narrowing it down to a population of those who were actively trying to lose weight. From this number, she would narrow it down again to those who were actually comfortable with using weight-loss drugs. This was a good method to focus on a target market that was open to the idea of a new weight-loss drug and wanted to commit to using it. The problem with this method, however, was that this did not distinguish the individuals who were already committed to a weight-loss solution. This did not tell us also about whether or not people wanted a new solution. It was a very broad population of consumers that was not specified further enough to solidify a target market. The second approach was conducting a CSP survey. The results showed that there was a considerable amount of consumer interest in a prescription weight-loss drug for the overweight. Printup would then narrow this pool of individuals to a number of those who were ready to immediately go to their health care provider to request a prescription. This approach was a good indicator of which consumers were generally interested in trying a new weight-loss drug. And by narrowing the population to those who would prescribe immediately, Printup is expediting the process of targeting a specific market and generating sales. The problem with this approach, however, is its ambiguity. Though it is true that these consumers are interested in the new drug, this was mostly based on assumption that these consumers would actually switch over to Metabical. The third approach of forecasting demand was to directly market to the ideal target consumer. These consumers were educated females between the ages of 35 and 65 with BMIs between 25 and 30. This would help Printup focus directly on this market since it was estimated that they would make up most of the sales for Metabical. This way, Printup can build a strong foundation of loyal consumers because she targeted them from the beginning. However, the problem with this approach is that it is so specific; it limits the possibility of reaching out to other markets. There could be other consumers who would surprisingly commit to Metabical that Printup does not see yet. If I had to estimate demand, I would probably agree with Printup’s first approach. It allows Metabical to get closely as possible to its target market without restricting itself too specifically to the ideal consumer. The approach also considers who would really be interested in a new weight-loss drug and are actively trying to lose weight. This means Metabical has a great chance of introducing something new and effective to these individuals who are open to another solution. 3. What considerations should be taken into account when making decisions about the package count? There are several considerations to take into account when deciding on a package account. Printup concluded that Metabical was most effective for 12 weeks. This meant consumers taking Metabical would be most satisfied with their results if they were consistently committed to taking the pill on a daily basis. If the individual missed a day, he or she would not yield long-lasting results and most likely regard the drug as a failure. Printup also had to consider that there was enough for individuals to take a pill a day without forgetting or skipping a day. In order to do so, Printup believed designing a package similar to birth control pills so consumers were aware of the importance to take Metabical on a daily basis. However, placing enough Metabical pills for a 12-week program would deem costly for most individuals and automatically be dismissed if the individual felt it was too expensive. Printup had to find the right balance between individuals’ ability to pay and maximizing the likelihood that they would complete the entire program without interruptions. 4. What package size would you recommend? I think the best package size for consumers would be to have enough pills for 6 weeks in a package similar to birth control packages. This way, consumers can experience half the program and decide whether or not they are satisfied with it. This also reduces costs for consumers since a package of pills for 12 weeks would be too expensive for most consumers. 5. What pricing strategy approaches would you suggest Printup explore? Printup has considered three different pricing strategies to decide on how to price Metabical. The first was to use the current over-the-counter drug, Alli, as a benchmark and price Metabical as a premium to it. This would mean $75 for a four-week program. The advantages of this would be that individuals would regard Metabical as better since it is generally believed that higher price means higher quality. And because Alli is the only real competitor in over-the-counter weight-loss drugs, individuals won’t have a hard time distinguishing between the two. The disadvantage with this pricing strategy is that it is difficult for a new product to enter the market and generate sales with an expensive pricing. There is much skepticism with new drugs if consumers are unaware of its benefits and side effects. With premium pricing, it may take a while for Metabical to gain high profit margins. The next pricing strategy approach was to base pricing compared to other CSP drug margins. The average CSP gross margin for a new prescription drug was about 70%. This means for a four-week program, Metabical would be priced at $125. The advantage of this is that CSP can continue to enjoy their 70% gross margin on new products. Since it was proven successful in the past, it may work for Metabical to price it this way. However, the disadvantage of this approach is that it is still expensive and CSP is assuming Metabical will yield similar successful results as its past products. This is risky and not completely accurate. The third approach is to concentrate on the value consumers will receive after completing the program. CSP researched that overweight individuals spent about $450 out-of-pocket more each year on health care than individuals who did not carry excess weight. Understanding this, Printup can price Metabical at $150 for a four-week supply. The advantage of this approach is that the pricing study was conducted to focus on the ideal consumer. This means CSP will have a better understanding of how their consumers will respond to this price and have found out that they thought this price was acceptable. The disadvantage, however, is that the price is well over what consumers indicated they would be willing to pay. I think the best price CSP can set for Metabical would be in between $125 and $150. I liked the last pricing strategy approach the best just because there is more of a focus on the value consumers will get from the new drug. Consumers pay for the value and will be willing to pay if they see positive results with Metabical but if price is set too high, consumers will choose a cheaper alternative and not use Metabical. 6. What impact does your pricing decision have on profitability? The pricing decision has a huge impact on profitability. Printup calculate costs associated with Metabical and she needed a price that was enough to cover its costs while generating profits for the company. CSP needed to cover much of its fixed costs, marketing budget cost, and the generous amount contributed to research and development. When considering a price for Metabical, Printup has to make sure that the return on investment will be quick enough to prevent the company from completely failing on this new drug.

The Crucible Parris Essay Example

The Crucible Parris Paper What clues does Arthur Miller give to the audience to suggest what will happen in the rest of the play? Millers comments in the overture set up The Crucible quite well. Certain descriptions and words give implicit meanings that do not come through until the end. There are also implicit meanings that do not require the reading of the play such as, A small window in the room. This gives a meaning of the things being small and the people being narrow-minded. Negative words in Millers opening comments such as small, exposed and raw describe the room as if it is very negative, more like a Puritan society. A Puritan society is when the Christian Church rules over the community and they live in strict morals and laws. The people are narrow-minded and live in a tyrannical state of authority. This suggests that the story may go on negatively as he describes it. Miller gives actions to Reverend Parris such as pressed turns on her and pointing at Betty are all angry, malicious and tense actions from a supposed religious man. These are not actions of a calm, wise man if the faith but one of a bag of nerves that may possibly be hiding something that may come apparent later as the storyline progresses. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible Parris specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible Parris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible Parris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The audiences reaction to the first act of The Crucible would be one of shock, intrigue and a sense of it being enjoyable. The actions of Parris would shock the audience while also intriguing them, into what he will do later on, if he is still there. Also the actions of the Putnams and Abigail Williams would intrigue them but the child Abigail would give them some enjoyment. Miller presents Reverend Parris to the audience in this first act as a reasonably who is mentally unstable while being very protective about his family. This behaviour could lead the audience to believe that he will do this again later on. Parris language in this scene is sophisticated and short, to the point. This is shown in the stage directions as he is straight to the point and his words are getting shorter as well in his dialogue. Such instances are, No no, I cannot have anyone and Oh, pray not! Why, how does Ruth ail? The short sentences show that Parris is not giving anything away to the characters which shows Millers use of dramatic irony. We know that Parris has seen girls dancing in the woods which could show why he is slightly panicked. Parris language and tone of voice can suddenly change or give a new conviction to a person. When he is arguing with his niece, Abigail Williams, about the girls dancing in the woods and far from just accepting it as just sport he thinks they are conjuring spirits and practising witchcraft. (turns now, with new fear, and goes to Betty, looks down at her, and then gazing off): Oh, Abigail, what proper payment for my charity! Now I am undone. He is accusing Abigail for just taking him for granted. What he means by undone is his reputation. Miller suggests his reputation as a minister is more and more becoming dented by the accusation of witchcraft on his household. Abigail Williams is introduced to us as a, striking beautiful girl with the endless capacity for disassembling. This shows that Abby(Abigail) is a beautiful girl who can take things apart but this was not meant a literally. She can take peoples lives, families and reputations apart by using her beautiful looks or by some other means. The actions of Abby in the start of Act 1 as a timid servant to her uncle, Parris, but throughout the act she gains confidence and starts to accuse Tituba, the Negro slave, of raising the Devil but there is no proof of this. At the end of Act 1, however, we can see her endless capacity for disassembling when she wants to open herself to God and Betty mysteriously becomes awakened and accuses random people it seems, in the village. Abby joins Betty in this and accuses Goody Sibler of being with the Devil. The stage direction states, (It is rising with a great glee) and this direction shows Millers quickening of the accusations and the increased number of accusations. At the start of The Crucible Parris gives a sense of dramatic actions and one that could have lead to all the hysteria. Parris stage directions are, (scrambling to his feet in a fury. ) Miller shows him distraught and such an action to happen so quickly the audience would remember that clearly in the later scenes. The themes of causing hysteria are when Parris presses against Abby convicting her of conjuring spirits. (Pressed, turns on her), Parris is anxious to know what has happened to Betty and goes over the top with Abby, evading her personal space and with the play being performed would mean that it would look very effective.

machiavelli, Aristotle, August essays

machiavelli, Aristotle, August essays Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince examines the nature of power and his views of power in the leadership that he observed in his time. Machiavelli discusses power over the people, dictatorial power, and the power with the people. The struggle to retain, hold, and apply one power is human nature and this nature is agreeable with Aristotle's argument that "man is a political animal." In The Prince, Machiavelli discusses two distinct groups of people, the political elite, including nobles and the public. Machiavelli claims that ambition and dictatorial power drive most nobles and princes. Because shared power is only effective between the prince and his people and not between the prince and the nobles because the people depends on the prince and the prince needs his people but since nobles and the prince are driven by the same motivations shared power would be useless. "Whether men bear affection depends on themselves, but whether they are afraid will depend on what the ruler does" (p.60-61). While Machiavelli emphasizes power over in relations between the political elite, he discusses a different kind of power in the relationship between a prince and the public. Machiavelli notes that a prnice can share power with the people, since a prince can trust the people much more than he can trust the nobles. Nobles" can not be satisfied if a ruler acts honorable but the people can be thus satisfies, because their aims are more honorable than those of the nobles are for the latter only want to oppress and the former only wants to avoid being oppressed" (p. 35). The people are not unforgiving and greedy so the prince can place more trust in the people. Since the prince can trust the people the people will feel empowered and the people will in turn protect the prince rather than revolt against him, "when you arm them, these weapons become your own" (p 72). In this way the prince power is greater. The prince's pursuits for power the nat...

Assignment 1 - The Financing Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignment 1 - The Financing Decision - Essay Example inder of sales are non-food grocery items like toothpaste, soap, health and beauty products and non-grocery items such as electrical goods, fuel, and house wares. 75% of sales are made in supermarkets and superstores owned by large multiple supermarket chains, with the remainder consisting of sales at small convenience and traditional retail stores accounting for a decreasing 7% of total sales (Defra, 2006, p. 1-2). Amongst the latter are stores that stock a range of specialist products such as newsagents selling confectionary, tobacco, and newspapers, specialist grocers, food specialists such as chain stores of bakers, butchers, and health food shops, and independent specialist retailers. The industry captures 13.1% of total household expenditures, which is expected to increase as these giants widen their business to include non-traditional products and services such as banking, health care, and mobile phones. Some 1.2 million people, 5% of UK’s workforce, are employed in over 102,000 stores all over the nation (Defra, 2006, p. 3). The size, visibility, and influence of grocery retailers have made them the focus of much attention and controversy. Their economic power, key industry trends and characteristics, and the nature of competition amongst the different grocery retailers have profound economic, social, and environmental impact on the UK. This is why the sector is highly regulated by the UK government and, more often than not, is the target of civil society groups that want their say in the pricing and the sourcing of goods and services, the location of shops, the employment opportunities, their accessibility to disadvantaged social groups, and the health and safety standards of what they sell, amongst many other things. The industry is dominated by the so-called Top Four: Tesco, Asda-WalMart, Sainsbury’s, and Morrisons, all of which are publicly-listed UK companies that grew organically at a steady rate in the last three decades. The remainder

Bussines Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bussines Accounting - Essay Example Some banks also charge a fee for overdraft facility. It should be noted that an overdraft is specifically meant for short-term requirements of a firm and it does not act as a long term capital. Sometimes the bank asks the firm to provide a guarantee and security to the overdraft availed. As discussed above that overdraft facility is primarily availed for short-term liabilities like accounts payable, so expanding the business through overdraft is not a good plan. 2. A long term loan from financial institution This is a most common way in which SME’s expand their business. As SME’s don’t have the luxury of raising money through issuing securities, the most prevalent way is to take a long-term loan from a financial institution. A business term loan is the most prevalent loan for this purpose. The bank would require financials of the firm for 3-5 years at least and with a guarantee to mark lien. A loan from bank would be passed if the current financial condition of t he firm is good and acceptable to bank and the purpose for which you are taking a loan is justified. The minimum rate at which a long-term loan could be financed is a base rate of prime lending rate. However the actual rate at which ban sanctions the loan could be higher than that depending upon the risk bank is taking in investing, the amount of loan availed and the credit history of the firm. I would suggest my friend to expand by the way of obtaining long term loan from a bank. This also provides significant tax shield. 3. A Finance Lease Agreement A lease agreement is considered as the agreement between the owner and the party intending to use that property conveying the right use of the property. Lease does not includes contracts for services, exploring and exploiting natural resources and licensing agreements for items like patents and trademarks. The advantages of leases are as follows: Immediate cash outflow is not required by the lessee for leasing the asset. A purchase opt ion allows the lessee to obtain at the bargain price at the expiration of the lease. The lessee is able to obtain 100% financing. Flexibility for use of funds for tax benefits. Leases can also be structure for allowing manipulation for calculating tax benefits at the end of the year. Though lease remains an important source of expanding through leasing property, plant and equipment but the clauses in lease can go against and it can be used for buying PPE only. It cannot be used for financing current assets of the company 4. A hire purchase agreement for the necessary non-current assets required in the expansion Hire purchase is considered as the term for a contract wherein a firm or an individual agrees to pay for the goods in installments, parts or in a percentage over the period of time. This looks somewhat like leasing for goods and services. In comes into effect when a firm cannot pay for the property at once but is agreeing to pay in installments for the same. It is recommended to go through hire-purchase for financing non-current portion of assets. 5. Formation of a Partnership Another way of obtaining finance for a firm is through formation of a partnership. Though this looks a good idea at one but lot of things are to be taken consideration off. Firstly, forming a partnership will bring money in the business which is required for expansion but it will dilute the holding of my friend. Suppose a

How is the contemporary globalization altering or undermining the Essay

How is the contemporary globalization altering or undermining the Westphalian order - Essay Example For the efficient functioning of the world order, the competence of these four principles is important. Functioning as nation –state block, the responsibility of the Westphalian system is to provide welfare for its citizens, the defense around its boundaries, internal order and civic engagement. The role of the Westphalian system in the execution of these duties has been greatly affected by the growing importance of the contemporary globalization. The concept of globalization may be defined as ‘a fundamental shift of transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities’. Globalization helps the human activities to shift from the constricted boundaries of the nation-state to the entire globe itself (Valaskakis, 2000). Due to the rise of the multi national corporations, the globalization of production, which paved way for the mass migration of the skilled labor, trans- border movement of the entrepreneurs, technology etc, i s introduced. Globalization happening in various sectors at a rapid speed makes permanent marks on the face of the Westphalian world order. In the economic sector, the emergence of the international corporations has changed the perspective of the global business. Subjects of a country no longer produce goods only for the local market. People do not entertain thoughts of patriotism when they buy a product in the market. They are primarily interested whether the product is cheap and is of good quality. A consumer uses goods in his day to day life which are probably manufactured in countries he has never visited. The corporations do not want their product to have a national identity since it becomes a burden in the global market (Suter, 2006, p.4). Since the national governments lost control over their economies and hence are unable to provide employment for its citizens, the transnational corporations move across boundaries and encourage intertwining of national economies (Suter, 2006 , p.4) thereby creating job opportunities around the globe. The real power to organize production and marketing of goods rests with the multinational corporations and hence the global financial markets get to determine to which countries the terms of credit go (Mc Grew,p.8). Hence the significance of the role of the national governments in the financial sector is greatly reduced due to contemporary globalization. At the same time, the economic restructuring of countries ‘in response to globalization requirements tend to produce civil strife in structurally vulnerable states’ (Conteh-Morgan, 2006, p.3). Due to free global market competition, the disparities in individual income have become greater which lead to frustration, anger and hostility in states (Conteh-Morgan, 2006, p.3). This makes the nation susceptible to state failure and collective violence. Structurally weak states like the African countries failed to support mercantilism and could not provide national sup port under globalization pressures which made the states work for the upper class at the expense of the lower class (Conteh-Morgan, 2

Developmental psychologists

Developmental psychologists Many developmental psychologists maintain that, from a very early age, infants relate to people in a special way, and that this indicates they have a deep understanding of other people. In your view, is this position supported by research studies that have investigated infants understanding of the physical and social world? The main purpose of this essay was to assess whether the research evidence supports the statement that infants have a deep understanding of other people. Although the question related to infants in general, the main emphasis was put on the first year of life as it is believed that this is a period when the most significant changes in infants development occur (Super, 1981). Firstly, the writer attempted to define the term â€Å"deep understanding† which has been seen as crucial for this debate. Then, the focus moved to the nature of infants relationships with other people. Afterwards, the research studies were examined that have investigated infants understanding of the physical world. The aim was to check whether children have a knowledge of objects and peoples physical features, and consequently, if they are able to differentiate between them. Finally, the researches which investigated infants understanding of social world were analysed in order to check how rich infants kno wledge of other people is. The debate of whether infants have a rich knowledge has to be preceded with defining what it means to have a deep understanding. In the case of a physical world deep understanding would be an awareness of physical properties and the permanence of objects, as well as knowledge of how certain actions make an effect on the physical world (Spelke, 1991). However, the definition of the deep understanding of people perceived was more complicated. Surely the ability to recognise that people are different to objects is important as it requires a certain level of understanding. Equally important is also the knowledge of what is going on in other peoples minds and the ability to appreciate that ‘people have emotions, intentions, and perspectives (Striano Rochat, 2000:254). Nevertheless, it has been believed that deep understanding must also involve something additional. This extra quality has been acknowledged by Tomasello et al. (2005:676), who argued that: ‘(†¦) deep understanding of other people requires not only an understanding of goals, intentions and perceptions of other persons, but also in addition a motivation to share these things in interaction with others. The psychologists who perceive children as having a rich knowledge share the belief that infants relate to people in a special way and engage with them differently than with objects. They argue that infants are more likely to direct their intentional behaviours towards people rather than objects because they anticipate that people will understand their intentions and respond to their actions. Trevarthen (ED841, Unit 3) explained this phenomenon by arguing that infants have an inborn willingness to participate in social relationships with other people. As Suzanne Zeedyk stated, the everyday intimate in nature interaction with others creates a context in which infants understanding can develop. In her opinion, thanks to being an object of other peoples attention, children come to know themselves and others. However, the perception of infants as active social partners causes some doubts. Even though Trevarthen seems to be right stating that infants are not just marionettes which can be animated by adults, it is possible that their engagement with people may only create an illusion of spontaneity and understanding (Zeedyk, 2006). Indeed, it has been acknowledged that there is no consensus whether young infants actually differentiate between objects and people and what mechanisms underlay their behaviour. To investigate this issue it was necessary to establish what knowledge about the physical world they hold. The chosen staring point was Piagets study on objects permanence. He argued that if an object is covered by a cloth, infants younger than nine months stop reaching for it and do not attempt to lift the cloth, even though they are physically able to perform this action. On this basis, Piaget argued that for infants younger than nine months, objects exist only while it is perceived or acted upon and it is out of an infants mind when it disappears (Hood Willatts, 1995). These findings are believed to be significant for a debate on childrens understanding of the social world. Contrary to earlier mentioned psychologists, Jean Piaget claimed that young infants do not distinguish between people and objects, but rather treated people as the most interesting of objects and that is why they concentrate on them more intensively. Analogously to object permanence, Piaget argued that children younger than nine months cannot have a deep understanding of other people as their do not have knowledge of peoples permanence. They rather acquire this knowledge at a later stage thanks to their cognitive development and experience (ED841, Unit 2; Baillargeon, 1995; Piaget Inhelder, 1966). Although Piagets theory appeared to be convincing, it has been acknowledged that his experiment has been criticised by other researchers who argued that infants failed this task not because they have not developed object permanence but because there are not able to perform coordinated actions. Therefore, it was difficult for them to coordinate lifting the cloth with their memory for the object (Baillargeon, 1995). To check whether infants hold an understanding of object permanence, Piagets findings have been compared with the results of investigations which did not require coordinated action. An example chosen was Baillargeons drawbridge experiment. This habituation study researched infants understanding of ‘the principle that a solid object cannot move through the space occupied by another solid object (Baillargeon, 1995:104). Baillargeon wanted to investigate whether five month old infants would be surprised by visible objects in the form of a screen rotating back and forth at 180 degrees, which moved through the space occupied by a hidden cube. The assumption was that if infants were surprised it meant that they were aware of the existence and physical properties of the hidden object. In contrast to Piagets study, this experiment indicated that very young infants may have a core understanding of object properties and therefore they should also have the knowledge of peoples permanence (Baillargeon, 1995; ED841, Unit 2). On the other hand, some of the researches stated that the habituation methodology may overestimate infants understanding. For instance, as proved by Schilling, results similar to those gained by Piaget may be obtained simply by varying the number of presentations in the drawbridge experiment. Therefore, Schilling argued that Baillargeon failed to prove that infants have a deep understanding of the physical world (ED841, Unit 2). Also, Cohen referred to the drawbridge experiment by stating that infants ‘may be responding to the apparently impossible event, not because it is impossible, but simply because it is familiar (Cohen, 2001:6). So far it seems that children, especially in the first few months of life, have rather poor knowledge of the physical world and consequently they may also have poor knowledge of other people. The radical change was believed to occur at around nine months of life. However, the research evidence presented by Woodward on six month old infants showed that they have expectations directed towards people, which they do not share with inanimate things. Therefore, he argued that infants not only see people as separate to objects, but also recognise that people have certain goals and intentions (Tomasello et al., 2005). The writer is convinced that at the end of the first year of life, infants understand people as animate beings who spontaneously produce behaviour, but there is no agreement whether they understand the mechanism underlying their behaviour or they are just simply able to predict what people would do. For instance, the research on   infants understanding of goal-directed action s, like for example those of Gregley and Csiba, showed that one year old infants perceive the successful actions as goal directed, but it ‘does not necessarily imply that they appreciate the intentions underlying those actions (Brandone Wellman, 2008: 86). It is believed that the ability to understand that other people have mental states is a part of the so-called theory of mind, which is assumed not to develop in children younger than 4 years (Bretherton et al., 1981). There was a series of research investigating the signs of development of the theory of mind in infants. For instance, Reedy (2007) observed the development of deception among infants. Her findings indicated that eight month old infants are able to deceive, even though in theory this skill does not develop until a child acquires theory of mind. Therefore, Reedy argued that because at around eight months children, for example, fake crying or pretend deafness when called by their mother, which indicates that they have a real understanding of other people. However, Reedy has been criticised for overestimating childrens abilities and misinterpreting infants behaviours. For instance, it has been argued that infants are egocentric. Consequently, children may ignore mothers calls because they are concentrated on themselves and things they are doing in that moment (Carlowe, 2008). More probable seems to be the explanation presented by Baron and Cohen, who stated that young infants are unable to understand what is going on in other peoples minds. However, they argue that at around 6-9 months, infants try to seek other peoples focus of attention by following the direction of their eye gaze. This inborn ability, called the eye direction detector, lets infants note where another person is looking. Subsequently, infants become able to distinguish between their own and other peoples reactions to an object, which is a basis for later theory of mind development. However, it is not clear whether infants perceive other persons eye movements as significant and understand that adults are directing their attention towards an object. It is possible that they just follow other peoples eye gaze without paying attention to the object itself (Meltzoff, 2004, ED841, Unit 2). As mentioned before, Tomasello stressed that understanding intentional actions and perceptions of others is not itself sufficient to talk about the deep understanding of infants. In his opinion, it requires shared intentionality which refers ‘to collaborative interactions in which participants share psychological states with one another (Tomasello Carpenter, 2007:121). His longitudinal study on chimpanzees showed that they were similar to human infants in a whole range of socio-cognitive skills, but in contrast to infants, they do not appear to have shared intentionality. Tomasello therefore stated that infants do not only follow other peoples eye gaze but try to share other peoples attention. The motivation to share attention with others emerges at around the first birthday, which supports the belief that this is the time when more advanced cognitive understanding occurs (Tomasello Carpenter, 2007). Meltzoff emphasised that information about objects and peoples shared intentions towards these objects are acquired through imitation. He argued that to imitate, children have to be able to understand the differences between themselves and others. Even though Piaget argued that infants cannot imitate others until they were 8 to 12 months of age, Meltzoffs research on infants early imitation showed that they are not only able to imitate facial expressions of adults but also recognise when adults imitate them which is a sign of deep understanding. However, the critical analysis of his research indicated that children may imitate adults but not be aware of the fact that they are copying emotional expression. Additionally, Meltzoff examined very young infants and there is a possibility that they might just be trained to imitate from birth (Meltzoff Gopnik, 1993). Summarising, it appears that infants prefer people over the objects, but there is no agreement whether it is a sign of an understanding of other peoples thoughts and intentions or rather an inborn ability to engage in social interactions. Some psychologists, like for example Piaget, argued that very young infants have only basic social abilities. Although infants behaviour cannot only be seen as a set of reflexes, psychologists claim that they have a deep understanding of other people would undoubtedly overestimate their abilities. The most appropriate explanation seems to be that infants are born with rather poor knowledge about the physical and social world; however, they have an inborn ability to interact with other people. Through the everyday interaction with others their knowledge and skills can develop, and consequently, infants understanding of the world becomes deeper.

College Should Not be a Playground :: College Admissions Essays

College Should Not be a Playground University students today have it pretty good. At decent-sized schools, students have access to any number of low-cost services that civilians would donate organs for. We get gyms and fitness centers for free or close to it. We have computer labs, lounges and more clubs and societies arriving every semester. With little or no fees, on-campus coffee bars and pick-up basketball games make traveling into the real world increasingly ludicrous. Sure, we pay more in tuition rates to help off set the cost, but college students these days shouldn't sweat the bill's bundled-in activity fees - it's simply worth it to fork over a little extra cash for the added convenience. Besides, with college rates continually on the rise, these resource charges amount to a drop in a very large bucket. On the other hand, shouldn't a University provide for its students without bleeding them dry? After all, without the learners, the educators and administrators would be jobless. So why should students pay for access to increasingly basic and common services? Students have come to expect these tasty perks, as if our Universities owe us for passing through their hallowed halls. But have we come to expect too much? Do we truly deserve extravagant bonuses? My own school has for years given students free, unlimited, high-speed access to the Internet. All rooms in all dorms have long had an Ethernet port, intended to help us with our studies. Any student can plug in, call up the library's extensive database subscriptions, and hunt for journals, articles and other information on a boundless range of topics. Of course, with such power comes responsibility, for students can also visit the seedier and less, shall we say, academic nooks of the World Wide Web. In light of this, UMD began cracking down on Internet access and Networking capabilities on campus last year. First, the students' file-sharing capabilities were restricted. Many students grumbled, but the administration remained firm. Most recently, filters blocked the transfer of certain controversial file types. Student outcry led to a scaled-back version of the sentinel software, but the students haven't finished crusading. The school, they say, has infringed on our rights by installing restrictive programs between the Internet and us. University literature promises "free, unlimited" Internet access, and

Strategy on Tata Motors

The purchase of the Jaguar and Land Rover brands catapulted Tata into a different league, while also expanding its global footprint dramatically. Jaguar and Land Rover are highly sophisticated vehicles, well-engineered and superbly designed, selling to the upper middle-class motorists around the world. While Tata Motors has been running its UK subsidiary at an arm's length, it could eventually benefit from its engineering, design and marketing expertise. However, the benefits have not been yet spread to India, and Tata's range still relies on its pre-JLR cars.Prime among these is the world fs cheapest four-wheeler, the Nano urban subcompact. It was originally intended to sell for Rs1 lakh (Rs100,000), which at the time was equal to around US$2,000. The company had ambitious plans for the Nano, including exporting it to Western Europe and North America. In the event, the Nano ‘s price had to be increased, and it now starts at Rs1. 45 lakh with better-equipped and more sophistica ted models running up to twice that amount.Given the depreciation of the rupee over the past 18 months, the cheapest Nano can still be purchased for under US$2,400. At the time, it seemed that cheap vehicles were what India and other developing markets wanted. Some competitors scrambled to emulate the Nano, while prices of second-hand vehicles plunged. However, the strategy now seems to be a mistake. The car is still far more expensive than a motorcycle or a moped, while those who can afford a car are highly image-conscious. They don ‘t want to be seen in a car that is known to be the world ‘s cheapest – and looks the part.This problem has become more acute as India's car market has entered a period of stagnation, pushing down sales. So Tata is fine-tuning its Nano strategy. The new Nano will be more elegant, will have more desirable features and add-ons and will be given a higher price tag. Tata is planning to market it to a different group of motorists, includin g young urban professionals. A new group of highly educated, successful twenty-something has emerged in Indian cities, and they may find the Nano an attractive first vehicle.

Flight and The Snake by John Steinbeck Essays

Flight and The Snake by John Steinbeck Essays Flight and The Snake by John Steinbeck Paper Flight and The Snake by John Steinbeck Paper Essay Topic: Flight The Long Valley John Steinbeck is a well-known author who was born in Salinas, California in 1902. The town of Salinas later became the setting of many of his stories, includingâ€Å"Flight† and â€Å"The Snake†, which were short stories in the Long Valley. Steinbeck was well known for his writing style. He was a master of imagery and symbolism, and he made sure the reader had a clear picture of what he was writing. In â€Å"Flight† and â€Å"The Snake† he uses animal references for the main characters, Pepe in â€Å"Flight† and the mysterious woman in â€Å"The Snake†. Besides those references, both stories use color symbolism to describe the character and setting. Both Stories also indicate what happens when an individual is stripped of what they are, either material or psychological. Using these references and symbols makes the readers think more deeply into the story. Even though both stories use similar references and symbolism, the two stories are comp letely different. Many interpretations have been given to both stories so many people will have different opinions on what these two stories mean. As with Steinbeck’s other writings, both â€Å"Flight† and â€Å"The Snake† take place in Salinas, California, one setting out in the Torres ranch and the other setting in a laboratory.â€Å"Flight† tells a tale of an unprepared youth’s failure to achieve maturity (Placentino, 1980) and â€Å"The Snake† tells a story about a Marine Biologist meeting a mysterious woman and what effect she has on him. Animal imagery is used throughout both stories. In â€Å"Flight†, Steinbeck describes Pepe as having as having â€Å"sharp Indian cheekbones and his â€Å"eagle nose†, suggesting his primitive animal-like nature (Placentino, 1980). Snake references are also used for Pepe as when he throws his knife, his wrist â€Å"flicked like a head of a snake† (Placentino, 1980).Similarly, in â€Å"The Snake†, the mysterious woman is described as being snakelike, swaying back an :

Free Essays on Orsi Vs. Budapest

â€Å"Orsi vs. Budapest† I think that there are similarities in the way in which Orsi and Z Budapest look at the religious beliefs of women and how this intertwines with their daily lives. I find that this is an intriguing idea and would like to compare and contrast Orsi’s ideas with those of Z Budapest. I think that both Orsi and Budapest have similarities in the fact that both address what women are looking for in a religion, what they want, need and hope for. However their ideas on what this may be differ. Because although both ideas are symbolic and give women a sense of control, one sees women as those who make sacrifices and one sees them as the dominant group who, actually may make sacrifices, but they are sacrifices of a different sort. Z Budapest founded Dianic Wicca for women as the religion for some feminists. This division of Wicca is only for women and has a sacred story that empowers women. Basically the whole religion empowers women, giving them a special symbolic connection with the divine just for being female and the ability to manipulate things by doing magic, thus placing them (not men) in control of things. I think women at that time, in the past and in fact at all times now and throughout history would like to be more in control of things and have more power to shape their own destinies. Similarly, Orsi’s ideas about the cult of St. Jude allows women to feel a special connection with a St. and in some way allows them (not men) a little control of things because if they just pray to St. Jude (Hope of the hopeless) their prayers will be answered. St. Jude doesn't seem to place any stipulation on what kinds of prayers will be answered so interestingly enough this parallels magic. The fact that many of St. Jude’s devotees and many of the goddess’s devotees worship at an alter and have religious tokens is interesting. It seems that worshipping at an alter whether it be Catholic or Wicca brings with it a s... Free Essays on Orsi Vs. Budapest Free Essays on Orsi Vs. Budapest â€Å"Orsi vs. Budapest† I think that there are similarities in the way in which Orsi and Z Budapest look at the religious beliefs of women and how this intertwines with their daily lives. I find that this is an intriguing idea and would like to compare and contrast Orsi’s ideas with those of Z Budapest. I think that both Orsi and Budapest have similarities in the fact that both address what women are looking for in a religion, what they want, need and hope for. However their ideas on what this may be differ. Because although both ideas are symbolic and give women a sense of control, one sees women as those who make sacrifices and one sees them as the dominant group who, actually may make sacrifices, but they are sacrifices of a different sort. Z Budapest founded Dianic Wicca for women as the religion for some feminists. This division of Wicca is only for women and has a sacred story that empowers women. Basically the whole religion empowers women, giving them a special symbolic connection with the divine just for being female and the ability to manipulate things by doing magic, thus placing them (not men) in control of things. I think women at that time, in the past and in fact at all times now and throughout history would like to be more in control of things and have more power to shape their own destinies. Similarly, Orsi’s ideas about the cult of St. Jude allows women to feel a special connection with a St. and in some way allows them (not men) a little control of things because if they just pray to St. Jude (Hope of the hopeless) their prayers will be answered. St. Jude doesn't seem to place any stipulation on what kinds of prayers will be answered so interestingly enough this parallels magic. The fact that many of St. Jude’s devotees and many of the goddess’s devotees worship at an alter and have religious tokens is interesting. It seems that worshipping at an alter whether it be Catholic or Wicca brings with it a s...

Statistical Process Control whilst primarily a manufacturing quality Essay

Statistical Process Control whilst primarily a manufacturing quality technique can be usefully applied in service industries - Essay Example According to above lines, delivery of service is being compared in context to expectation of customers and divergence of expected service quality from delivered quality creates the gap. Ladhari (2009) stated that four characteristics of service like intangibility, heterogeneity, perishability and inseparability make it different from manufacturing offering. . Markovic (2006) argued that manufacturing sector should not be compared with service sector because customers might act as co-producer in service delivery process while customer involvement is negligent in manufacturing process. In such context, Khan (2003) stated that intangibility and inseparability make it difficult to control service quality while there are statistical procedures available to manage quality of manufacturing process. In such context, Chakrabarty and Tan (2007) found that unlike the manufacturing sector, it took time for service sector to realize the importance of Statistical Process Control (SPC) in managing quality. Sulek (2004) argued that most of the common statistical control mechanism can also be used in service sector to manage quality but little bit recalibration of the statistical model is needed in order to utilize it accurate manner in service environment. Discussion Six Sigma & Control Chart Antony (2006) defined the term Sigma as the deviation from service performance characteristics mean while objective of deploying Six Sigma in service sector is to reduce the scope of variation and subsequently improve quality. In order to control variation in the service performance, specific control limit is being assigned (SLupper). Aim of the service performance would be not to cross the upper control limit or the maximum tolerance zone (Yilmaz and Chatterjee, 2000). In case of Six Sigma, distance between SLupper and service process mean is equal to six standard deviations and in this way term â€Å"Six Sigma† has been arrived. In case of six sigma process, deviation in service performance caused by external uncontrollable influences would not exceed the limit of 3.4 parts per million or 3.4 times the service process will show defect out of 1 million times (Antony, 2006). Antony (2006) and Hoerl (2001) stated that Six Sigma process can be applied to service processes like order entry, invoicing, shipping, baggage handling, payroll processing etc. On the other hand, Yilmaz and Chatterjee (2000) measured that defect rate in service sector is less than 3.5 sigma quality level which means 23,000 times the service process will show defect out of 1 million times. In such context, applying Six Sigma as SPC would improve the service performance level to 99.38 per cent. Hoerl and Snee (2002 and 2003) identified benefits of deploying Six Sigma in service sector as 1- decrease in service defect rate which would automatically increase cost efficiency in the service process, 2- management decision would be guided by data driven statistical analysis which would decrease the scope of assumption bases errors and 3- decrease in service defect would significantly decrease customer complaints. Some practical examples can be cited in order to highlight usefulness of Six Sigma model in service sectors. Table 1: Practical Evidences of Implementation of Six Sigma in Service Organizations Organization Benefits J P Morgan Chase (Global Investment Banking) Applying Six Sigma model has helped the company to reduce flaws in service delivery

EBay Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EBay - Coursework Example Sellers are also able to list any of their products though they have to observe the rules and policies of the company (Nagle & Holden 2002, p. 84). EBay’s fee structure is in such a way that it improved the profitability of the online sales. The fee structure could be improved as the company uses value based pricing and therefore once the value is increased the price could also be increased (Philip & Gary 2010, p. 293). As eBay earns money through the collection of fees, the fee structure could be in a way that for the first $25 the value should move from 8.75 percent to 10 percent and for the remaining it should be improved to 5 percent. This increase should however go hand in hand with the improvement of the value of selling and finding products from the internet. Once this is effective, buyers will be willing to pay for any amount as long as their services are effectively conducted (Kent 2003, p. 41). EBay should continue using a price strategy that attracts the high-volume sellers and discourages sellers with low prices products. This method has been effective and has increased demand of using the eBay online services is influenced by price inelasticity. Carolin (2001, p. 16) describes that the continued growth will come from improved efficiency such as improved services, investments and partnerships. The developed social sites could also help eBay in getting new customers and new ways

The Diplomatic Efforts To End WWII Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Diplomatic Efforts To End WWII - Assignment Example However, America supported the Nationalist wing but remained neutral till the very end (Butow). The Attack on Pearl Harbor: With the passage of time, it was observed that relations between Japan and America were growing weak which eventually resulted in the attack on Pearl Harbor. America along with other countries condemned Japan’s growing influence and its strategy to expand its boundaries by getting into wars with the neighboring countries. To maintain its dominance in the region, Japan attacked the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The attack was intended to keep the U.S military away from entering or invading the military actions of Japan. This attacked changed the nature of relationship between Japan and America and thus provoking America to enter in the war with Japan which caused huge damages to the Japanese nation. End of the War: We find no significant clue or the evidences that could state clearly that what ended the war in 1945 and there is no evidence of t hat could prove the most highlighted controversy that the use of atomic bomb or a nuclear weapon was the reason to end the war. However, the reasons for ending the war can be concluded on the formation of three national consensuses that: 1- The use of nuclear weapons was justified 2- The war ended because of their use 3- The use of the weapons was justified morally as saving more lives than they cost (Sherwin). American Policy and Strategy: In 1943, President Roosevelt declared the ending of war by stating it as the ‘unconditional surrender† of the Axis powers. The term ‘unconditional surrender’ was coined to declare that no one after Japan and Germany would ever try to threaten the peace of the region. America declared its actions as a need to restore peace and harmony in the region (Sherwin). Japanese Strategy and Policy: Japanese devised a new strategy to overcome the defeat they have incurred during the war by the hands of Americans. The Japanese leaders did not see their condition as severe in fact they devised a new military-political plan to overcome this defeat. They thought that this plan would be sufficient enough to mark the ending of the war as satisfactory. This plan which they named Ketsu Go contained the fundamental idea that Americans despite their strong material power are brittle creatures. Japanese believed that by giving huge loss to Americans on the Home lands would mark an end on the war. Japanese calculated the strength of American force and the command. But after the Imperial conference in June, they sanctified the Ketsu Go plan. Japanese proposed the fact in their policy papers that the starvation from the food could bring them more causalities than the battle with America (Butow). An Insight on What Ended the War: Truman became the President of America in 1945 when World War II was almost getting over in Europe. Hitler committed suicide which marked the surrender of Germany. However, in Pacific the war was sti ll on its highest peak with Japan fighting back like a warrior with America. With the new President Truman, military officials proposed the plan with Allied invasion on Japan, America can gain the victory. Truman knew about the plan which was planned on using it as his second option; the use of the most terrible weapon that would destruct and damage the entire country known in

Milk Plant Essay Example for Free

Milk Plant Essay Activities related to various milk reception take place in this milk reception dock. Obviously, this section should have adequate space for unloading of cans, sampling, grading, weighing, testing and storage of milk and cleaning of cans. Generally this RMRD is provided with interconnected chain conveyors to transfer the cans from the unloading point to the weigh balance and from the outlet of the can washer to the loading point. Other equipment that find a place in this RMRD include weigh balance, dump tank, can washer etc. Milk Processing Section It is located next to the RMRD section. This section shall be spacious enough to accommodate milk chiller, pasteurizer (usually HTST in large dairies), homogenizer, cream separator, milk storage tanks, Cleaning In Place tanks (CIP tanks) and reconstitution unit. Raw milk tanks are generally located at an elevated level Milk Filling Section Sachet filing machines are installed in this section. Standardized, pasteurized milk is stored in tanks located at higher level than the ground to facilitate gravity feeding. The filled up pouches are transferred by conveyor belt and stored in crates and in turn the crates are moved to the chilling chamber which is located next to the milk filling section. Immediately next to the milk filling section is the crate washer room which supplies cleaned crates to the filling section continuously. Milk Production Section This section is located adjacent to the milk processing section. The surplus fat obtained during the cream separation operation is processed as cream and this section includes cream storage tanks, butter churn, butter melting vat, ghee boilers, ghee storage tanks and ghee filling and packaging units. Deep freezer capable of bringing down the temperatures up to -30 °C is kept in this section for preserving the dairy products. Byproduct section This room is located next to the milk product section. The equipment and the utensils that find a place in this section include casein drying unit, casein vat, sour cream separator, butter churn for sour cream and facilities to handle curdled milk. Parlour Products Section In this section, equipment for the value added products like ice cream, peda, masala butter milk, shrikhand etc are provided. Milk Drying Section. In a bigger dairy, milk condensing and drying units are usually installed. This include milk condensing plant, condensed milk tanks, homogenizer, spray or drum drying equipment, nitrogen packaging chamber, and tins and carton packaging units. Quality Control Laboratory The quality control section is generally located near or at least easily accessible to the raw milk receiving dock. It has facilities to test the fluid incoming milk, milk products testing, packaging materials testing, bacteriological and mycological analysis and AGMARK grading sections. Naturally, this section accommodates all the equipment required for the quality control tests. Refrigeration and Boiler Sections Though considered auxiliary to the main dairy operations, the refrigeration and boiler sections nevertheless, do play a vital role in the processing of milk and dairy products. They can be housed in the main dairy building itself or located in a separate building adjacent to the main plant. The refrigeration section consists of ammonia compressors, receivers, chilled water tanks, etc. Condensers are usually located on the roof of the refrigeration section or outside the building. The boiler section includes the boilers, water softening units, water tanks for soft water storage and coal storage or furnace oil storage section. UTILITY Power used-11kv Transformer-750VA transformer(step down) By using it we step down voltage levels from 33kv to 11kv for distribution to substations where the 11kv is further stepped down to 415v. [pic] Low tension panel is used- Metering Panel Board- These Metering Panel Boards are made of16/2mm/ 2. 5 mm cold rolled, mild steel metal clad, free standing, totally enclosed, cubicle type, fully compartmentalized, outdoor / indoor installations and suitable for operation on 11kV, 3ph, 50Hz. , and AC earthed system. The panel contains the equipments and components complete with bus bar interconnections, control wiring, designation labels, caution notices, EB sealing and pad locking facilities wherever required. [pic] MV PANEL- The Switchboards are designed and developed keeping in mind future expansion of the Industry. All the enclosures are fabricated out of 16/14 SWG CRCA steel sheets and they are also powder coated [pic] DISTRIBUTION PANEL Distribution Panels or panel board is a type of component of electricity supply system that is used for the division of electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits. It provides a protective fuse or circuit breaker in a common enclosure. There is provision of a main switch, one or more residual [pic] STEAM- PRESSURE OF STEAM-14kg/cm2, 14 bar Types of Boilers There are many different types of boilers in the boiler room today in a variety of heating applications. There are two main categories of boilers among the different types of boilers and those two categories are steam and hot water boilers. Either of those categories can be fueled by oil, gas, or electric (although electric is uncommon for steam boilers). They have different designs and piping configurations as a steam boiler system is designed to turned the water into steam and uses gravity and pressure to deliver the heat and the hot water boiler systems are designed to simply make hot water to be circulated (by a circulator or pump) through a piping system to provide heat. Typically, hot water boilers are more efficient than steam boilers for a few reasons. First, there is less heat loss throughout the hot water piping and the shell of the boiler because the hot water boiler operates at a lower temperature than the steam boiler. This means there is less heat loss throughout the entire boiler and piping system. Secondly, because the hot water boiler operates at a lower temperature, it requires less fuel or energy to convert into heat. What kind of boiler do you have in your boiler room? [pic] Water Tube Boilers Water tube boilers have many different tubes inside of it that have water circulating through them. Hot combustion gases surround these tubes and an exchange of heat is realized from the combustion gases to the tubes and water. The water tube boilers can be built for higher capacities and pressures than the fire tube boilers because the steam and/or hot water is confined in the tubes. Water Tube Boiler sizes range from from 10 million BTU/h boilers all way up to 300 million BTU/h and these boilers are generally found in medium to large commercial/industrial use and can be either steam or hot water boiler in low to high pressure boiler applications. These boilers can be either oil boiler, coal boiler, or gas fired boiler and pass hot flue gases around tubes filled with water. Boiler combustion efficiencies depend on several factors for these boilers including: whether it is steam boiler or hot water boiler, combustion controls, flue dampers, frequency of tune-ups and/or air and/or water pre-heaters (boiler economizers). Fire Tube Boilers Fire tube boilers confine the combustion process and gases in tubes and water circulates around these tubes. Some fire tube boilers have turbulators inside of the tubes to cause turbulence of the flue gases. This increases the heat absorption into the water which makes the boiler more efficient. Fire Tube Boilers range in sizes from . 6 million BTU/h up to 50 million BTU/h boiler these use hot flue gases passing through tubes submerged in water generally found in medium to large boiler commercial/industrial use and can be either steam or hot water boilers in low to medium pressure applications. Again as with the water tube boiler combustion efficiencies depend on several factors as noted above. There are various names applied to different fire tube boilers such as: Scotch Marine, locomotive, firebox, and vertical or horizontal return tube. Condensing Boilers [pic] Condensing Hot Water Boiler Between steam and hot water and water tube and fire tube boilers there exists conventional atmospheric boilers and condensing boilers. The condensing boiler is far more efficient than the conventional atmospheric boiler. A condensing boiler typically has two heat exchangers and absorbs more heat from the flue gases. It actually absorbs so much heat from the gases that moisture in the flue gases condenses and needs a drain to drain off. This condensed liquid is highly corrosive and it is necessary for the manufacturer to build the condensing boiler out of special materials to prevent corrosion to the equipment. Typically, the flue is PVC pipe or stainless steel and is resistant to the corrosive effects of the condensation. Additionally, because so much heat is removed from the flue gases, the products of the combustion process need help to be safely vented. Usually a fan is used to either push or pull these gases out of a vent. Condensing boilers are typically rated at 90 plus efficiency ratings whereas the conventional atmospheric boilers are typically rated at around 80 percent plus. Conventional Atmospheric Boilers Conventional atmospheric boilers do not use a blower motor to remove the combustion byproduct gases. Instead they rely on the combustion gases to have enough heat to cause the gases to rise through the flue and channeled safely outside of the dwelling. If for some reason too much heat is removed from the flue gases condensation can occur inside the flue or chimney. This condensation can have corrosive effects to both the flue and the chimney and cause severe problems. It is important that a qualified HVAC technician inspect the boiler and that they check of the temperature of the flue gases. Using a combustion analyzer, a qualified technician can tune the boiler to make sure that the temperature of the flue gases is set to optimum levels so that the gases will properly vent and that the gases do not have too much heat in them. If the flue gases are too hot then you are losing efficiency up the flue. If the flue gases do not have enough heat in them then you can have condensation issues which cause corrosion. Have your boiler checked and inspected at least annually to maintain optimum efficiency. Electric Boiler One other type not mentioned above is the electric boiler. One could say that an electric hot water heater is an electric boiler although there are electric boilers that can heat water to steam temperatures. Boilers can use many types of fuels (oil, gas, coal, wood, and electric power) to heat water (or other liquids) but the main focus of Boiler Types article was to categorize the mechanical aspects and differences. [pic] Designing a process line In the dairy raw milk passes through several stages of treatment in various types of processing equipment before reaching the consumer in the form of a finished, refined product. Production usually takes place continuously in a closed process, where the main components are connected by a system of pipes. The type of treatment involved and the design of the process depend on the end product. The process described in this chapter is general milk pasteurisation. This process is the basic operation in market milk processing, and also constitutes an important pretreatment stage in a chain of dairy processes such as cheesemaking and cultured milk production. The aim is to present some of 190 Dairy Processing Handbook/chapter 7 the considerations which the plant designer has to face when planning a whole milk pasteurisation plant. Process design considerations There are many aspects to be considered when a process line is designed. They can vary and be very complex, which places considerable demands on those responsible for the preliminary planning. Project engineering always involves a compromise between different requirements such as: †¢ Product-related – concerning the raw material, its treatment and the quality of the end product. †¢ Process-related – concerning plant capacity, selection of components and their compatibility, degree of process control, availability of heating and cooling media, cleaning of process equipment, etc. †¢ Economic – that the total cost of production to stipulated quality standards is as low as possible. †¢ Legal – legislation stipulating process parameters as well as choice of components and system solutions. Fig. 7. 1 Generalised block chart of the milk pasteurisation process. The process illustrated in figure 7. 1 deals with heat treatment – pasteurisation – of whole milk, e. g. market milk for sale to consumers. Some legal requirements In most countries where milk is processed into various products, certain requirements are laid down by law to protect consumers against infection by pathogenic micro-organisms. The wording and recommendations may vary, but the combination below covers the most commonly stated requirements: †¢ Heat treatment The milk must be heat treated in such a way that all pathogenic microorganisms are killed. A minimum temperature/holding time of 72 °C for 15 seconds Holding Tube Raw milk storage Heat Treatment intermediate storage Clarification process illustrated in figure 7. 1 deals with heat treatment – pasteurisation – of whole milk, e. g. market milk for sale to consumers Some legal requirements In most countries where milk is processed into various products, certain requirements are laid down by law to protect consumers against infection by pathogenic micro-organisms. The wording and recommendations may vary, but the combination below covers the most commonly stated requirements: †¢ Heat treatment The milk must be heat treated in such a way that all pathogenic microorganisms are killed. A minimum temperature/holding time of 72 °C for 15 seconds must be achieved. †¢ Recording The heating temperature must be automatically recorded and the transcript saved for a prescribed period of time. †¢ Clarification prior to heat treatment As milk often contains solid matter such as dirt particles, leucocytes (white blood corpuscles) and somatic cells (of udder tissue), it must be clarified. Since pasteurisation is less likely to be effective if bacteria are ensconced in lumps and particles in the milk, clarification must take place upstream of heating. Milk can be clarified in a filter or, more effectively, in a centrifugal clarifier. †¢ Preventing reinfection Heat exchangers are calculated so that a higher pressure should be maintained in the pasteurised milk flow compared to the unpasteurised milk and service media. If a leakage should occur in the heat exchanger, pasteurised milk must flow into the unpasteurised milk or cooling medium, and not in the opposite direction. In order to safeguard that a booster pump to create a pressure differential is often required and in certain countries it is mandatory. In the event of temperature drop in the pasteurised product due to a temporary shortage of heating medium, the plant must be provided with a flow diversion valve to divert the insufficiently heated milk back to the balance tank. Equipment required The following equipment is required for a remote controlled process: †¢ Silo tanks for storing the raw milk. †¢ Plate heat exchanger for heating and cooling, a holding tube and a hot water unit. †¢ Centrifugal clarifier (as only whole milk is to be treated, a centrifugal separator is not needed in this example). †¢ Intermediate storage tank for temporary storage of processed milk. †¢ Pipes and fittings for connecting main components and pneumatically operated vaves for controlling and distributing the product flow and cleaning fluids. †¢ Pumps for transportation of milk through the entire milk treatment plant. †¢ Control equipment for control of capacity, pasteurisation temperature and valve positions. †¢ Various service systems: – water supply – steam production. – refrigeration for coolant – compressed air for pneumatically operated units – electric power – drain and waste water. Most of the various service systems are described in chapter 6. 11. Service media requirements are calculated after the plant design is agreed upon. Thus the temperature programme for pasteurisation must be known, as well as the specifications for all other areas where heating and cooling are needed (cold storage, cleaning systems, etc. ), before the number and power of electrically operated machines, number of pneumatically operated units, working hours of the plant, etc.can be determined. Such calculations are not presented in this book. Choice of equipment Silo tanks The number and size of silo tanks are determined by the raw milk delivery schedules and volume of each delivery. In order to operate the plant continuously without stoppages due to lack of raw material, a 7-hour supply of [pic] raw milk must be available. Preferably the milk should have been stored for at least 1 – 2 hours before being processed, as natural degassing of the milk takes place during Legal requirements for: †¢ Heat treatment. †¢ Recording †¢ Clarification prior to heat treatment †¢ Preventing reinfection According to regulations set by the European Communities the heat treatment equipment must be approved or authorised by the competent authority and at least fitted with †¢ automatic temperature control †¢ recording thermometer †¢ automatic safety device preventing insufficient heating †¢ adequate safety system preventing the mixture of pasteurised or sterilised milk with incompletely heated milk and †¢ automatic recording device for the safety system referred to in the preceding intent. 192 Dairy Processing Handbook/chapter 7 that period of time. Short periods of agitation are acceptable, but agitation is not really needed until about 5 – 10 minutes before start of emptying, to equalise the overall quality. This avoids interference with the natural degassing process. Plate heat exchanger The main aim of pasteurising milk is to destroy pathogenic micro-organisms. To achieve this, the milk is normally heated to not less than 72 °C for at least 15 seconds and then cooled rapidly. These parameters are stipulated by law in many countries. [pic] When the relevant parameters are known, the platage (dimensioning) of the plate heat exchanger can be calculated. In the present example, the parameters are: †¢ Plant capacity 20 000 l/h †¢ Temperature programme 4 °C – 72 °C – 4 °C †¢ Regenerative effect 94% †¢ Temperature of the heating medium 74 – 75 °C †¢ Temperature of the coolant +2 °C The demand for service media (steam, water and ice-water) is also calculated, as this substantially influences the choice of valves for steam regulation and ice-water feed. Connection plates between the sections of the plate heat exchanger are provided with inlets and outlets for product and service media. The inlet and outlet connections can be oriented either vertically or horizontally. The ends of the plate heat exchanger (frame and pressure plate) can likewise be fitted with inlets and outlets. Dimensioning data for the plate heat exchanger are given in chapter 6. 1. Hot water heating systems Hot water or saturated steam at atmospheric pressure can be used as the heating medium in pasteurisers. Hot steam, however, is not used because of the high differential temperature. The most commonly used heating medium is therefore hot water typically about 2 – 3 °C higher than the required temperature of the product. Steam is delivered from the dairy boiler at a pressure of 600 – 700 kPa (6 – 7 bar). This steam is used to heat water, which in turn heats the product to pasteurisation temperature. The water heater in figure 7. 2 is a closed system consisting of a specially designed, compact and simple cassette type of plate heat exchanger (3) equipped with a steam regulating valve (2) and a steam trap (4). The service water is circulated by the centrifugal pump (5) via the heater (3) and the heating section of the pasteuriser. The function of the expansion vessel (7) is to compensate for the increase in the volume of the water that takes place when it is heated. The system also includes pressure and temperature indicators as well as safety and ventilation valves (8). Temperature control A constant pasteurisation temperature is maintained by a temperature controller acting on the steam regulating valve (ref. 2 in figure 7. 2). Any tendency for the product temperature to drop is immediately detected by a sensor in the product line before the holding tube. The sensor then changes the signal to the controller, which opens the steam regulating valve to supply more steam to the water. This increases the temperature of the circulating water and stops the temperature drop in the product. Holding The length and size of the externally located holding tube are calculated according to the known holding time and hourly capacity of the plant and the pipe dimension, typically the same as for the pipes feeding the pasteurisation plant. Dimensioning data for the holding tube are given in chapter 6. 1. Typically the holding tube is covered by a stainless steel hood to preventing people from being burnt when touching and from radiation as well. Pasteurisation control It is essential to be certain that the milk has in fact been properly pasteurised before it leaves the plate heat exchanger. If the temperature drops below 72 °C, the unpasteurised milk must be kept apart from the already pasteurised product. To accomplish this, a temperature transmitter and flow diversion valve are fitted in the pipe downstream of the holding tube. The valve returns unpasteurised milk to the balance tank if the temperature transmitter detects that the milk passing it has not been sufficently heated. Pasteuriser cooling system As already noted, the product is cooled mainly by regenerative heat exchange. The maximum practical efficiency of regeneration is about 94 – 95%, which means that the lowest temperature obtained by regenerative cooling is about 8 – 9 °C. Chilling the milk to 4 °C for storage therefore requires a cooling medium with a temperature of about 2 °C. Ice water can only be used if the final temperature is above 3 – 4 °C. For lower temperatures it is necessary to use brine or alcohol solutions to avoid the risk of freezing cooling media. The coolant is circulated from the dairy refrigeration plant to the point of use as shown in figure 7. 4. The flow of coolant to the pasteuriser cooling section is controlled to maintain a constant product outlet temperature. This is done by a regulating circuit consisting of a temperature transmitter in the outgoing product line, a temperature controller in the control panel and a regulating valve in the coolant supply line. The position of the regulating valve is altered by the controller in response to signals from the transmitter. The signal from the transmitter is directly proportional to the temperature of the product leaving the pasteuriser. This signal is often connected to a temperature recorder in the control panel and recorded on a graph, together with the pasteurisation temperature and the position of the flow diversion valve. Booster pump to prevent reinfection Care must be taken to avoid any risk of contamination of the pasteurised product by unpasteurised product or cooling medium. If any leakage should occur in the pasteuriser, it must be in the direction from pasteurised product to unpasteurised product or cooling medium. This means that the pasteurised product must be under higher pressure[pic] than the medium on the other side of the heat exchanger plates. A booster pump, ref. 2 in figure 7. 3, is therefore installed in the product line, either after the holding section or before the heating section. The latter position minimises the operating temperature of the pump and prolongs its life. The pump increases the pressure and maintains a positive differential pressure on the pasteurised product side, throughout the regenerative and cooling sections of the pasteuriser. Installation of a booster pump is specified in the legal requirements for pasteurisation in some coun The complete pasteuriser A modern milk pasteuriser, complete with equipment for operation, supervision and control of the process, is assembled of matching components into a sophisticated process unit. Balance tank The float-controlled inlet valve regulates the flow of milk and maintains a constant level in the balance tank. If the supply of milk is interrupted, the level will begin to drop. As the pasteuriser must be full at all times during operation to prevent the product from burning on to the plates, the balance tank is often fitted with a low-level electrode which transmits a signal as soon as the level reaches the minimum point. This signal actuates the flow diversion valve, which returns the product to the balance tank. The milk is replaced by water and the pasteuriser shuts down when circulation has continued for a certain time. Feed pump The feed pump supplies the pasteuriser with milk from the balance tank, which provides a constant head. Tries . [pic] Flow controller The flow controller maintains the flow through the pasteuriser at the correct value. This guarantees stable temperature control and a constant length of the holding time for the required pasteurisation effect. Often the flow controller is located after the first regenerative section. Regenerative preheating The cold untreated milk is pumped through the first section in the pasteuriser, the preheating section. Here it is regeneratively heated with pasteurised milk, which is cooled at the same time. If the milk is to be treated at a temperature between the inlet and outlet temperatures of the regenerative section, for example clarification at 55 °C, the regenerative section is divided into two sections. The first section is dimensioned so that the milk leaves at the required temperature of 55 °C. After being clarified the milk returns to the pasteuriser, which completes the regenerative preheating in the second section. Pasteurisation Final heating to pasteurisation temperature with hot water, normally of a temperature 2 – 3 °C higher than the pasteurisation temperature (? t = 2 – 3 °C), takes place in the heating section. The hot milk continues to an external tubular holding cell. After the hold, the temperature of the milk is checked by a sensor in the line. It transmits a continuous signal to the temperature controller in the control panel. The same signal is also transmitted to a recording instrument which records the pasteurisation temperature. Flow diversion A sensor after the holding cell transmits a signal to the temperature monitor. As soon as this signal falls below a preset value, corresponding to a specified minimum temperature, the monitor switches the flow diversion valve to diversion flow. In many plants the position of the flow diversion valve is recorded together with the pasteurisation temperature. For the location of the flow diversion valve, various solutions are available to satisfy local regulations and recommendations. Below are three alternatives which are commonly utilised: 1 The flow diversion valve is situated just after the holding cell. Where a booster pump is installed, the valve is located before the pump. If the temperature drops under preset level the valve diverts the flow to the balance tank and the pump stops. The flow in the regenerative and cooling sections thus comes to a standstill (even when no booster pump is integrated). After a short while, without temperature increase, the heat exchanger is emptied, cleaned and sanitised. When satisfactory heating is possible the plant is restarted. 2 The flow diversion valve is located after the cooling section of the plant. Following a drop of temperature the flow is diverted to the balance tank and the plant is emptied of product, cleaned and sanitised. The plant is then ready for restart when the temperature conditions are acceptable again. 3 The flow diversion valve is located between the holding cell and the boster pump. If the temperature drops the valve diverts the flow. The booster pump is not stopped, but other valves around the heat exchanger will automatically be positioned so that the milk in the regenerative and cooling sections will be circulated to maintain the right pressure in the plant. This also preserves a proper temperature balance. When the heating conditions are acceptable the process can be resumed without intermediate cleaning. Cooling After the holding section the milk is returned to the regenerative section(s) for cooling. Here the pasteurised milk gives up its heat to the cold incoming milk. The outgoing pasteurised milk is then chilled with cold water, icewater, a glycol solution or some other refrigerant, depending on the required temperature. The temperature of the chilled milk is normally recorded together with the pasteurisation temperature and the position of the flow diversion valve. The graph consequently shows three curves. Centrifugal clarifier As the milk in the present example is not going to be separated into skimmilk and cream, a centrifugal clarifier is shown in figure 7. 6.